In 1943, Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts introduced a groundbreaking model for representing the nervous system as a network of artificial neurons interconnected by synapses. Their seminal work, A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity, presented a logical framework for neuron networks, demonstrating their functional similarities to Turing's universal machines. This marked a significant milestone in the field of artificial intelligence and laid the groundwork for the development of artificial neural networks, which are now widely applied in various domains, including image and speech recognition.

McCulloch pursued…