Alan Turing was a renowned mathematician born in London in 1912. From 1931 to 1934, he studied mathematics at King’s College, University of Cambridge, where he graduated with first-class honors. In 1936, he published his seminal paper, "On Computable Numbers," introducing the concept of the universal Turing machine, a mathematical tool equivalent to a digital computer. This concept has since become the most widely used model of computation in the fields of computability and artificial intelligence.

In 1939, Turing began working full-time at Bletchley Park in Buckinghamshire, England, a top-secret…